Topic Trade By JAMAL AHMED

                      Foreign trade of Pakistan

Background

World Trade Organization, and has bilateral and multilateral trade agreements with many nations and international organizations. It is part of the South Asian Free Trade Area agreement and the China – Pakistan Free Trade Agreement.

Fluctuating world demand for its exports, domestic political uncertainty, and the impact of occasional droughts on its agricultural production have all contributed to variability in Pakistan's trade deficit. The trade deficit for the fiscal year 2013/14 is $7.743 billion, Exports is $10.367 billion in (July–November 2013)and imports is $18.110 billion^[1]
Pakistan's exports continue to be dominated by cotton textiles and apparel, imports include petroleum and petroleum products, edible oil, chemicals, fertilizer, capital goods, industrial raw materials, and consumer products.
On 12 December 2013, European Union granted GSP Plus status to Pakistan^[2] till 2017, which enabled it to export 20% of its good with 0 tariff and 70 percent at preferential rates to EU Market.The status was given after the European Parliament passed the resolution by 406-186 votes.^[3]

Exports

Pakistan's exports increased more than 100% from $7.5 billion in 1999 to stand at $18 billion in the financial year 2007-2008.^[4][5]
Pakistan exports rice, kinnows, mangoes, furniture, cotton fiber, cement, tiles, marble, textiles, clothing, leather goods, sports goods (renowned for footballs/soccer balls), Cutlery, surgical instruments, electrical appliances, software, carpets, rugs, ice cream, livestock meat, chicken, powdered milk, wheat, seafood (especially shrimp/prawns), vegetables, processed food items, Pakistani-assembled Suzukis (to Afghanistan and other countries), defense equipment (submarines, tanks, radars), salt, onyx, engineering goods, and many other items. Pakistan produces and exports cements to Asia and the Middle East. In August 2007, Pakistan started exporting cement to India to fill in the shortage there caused by the building boom.^[6] Russia is a growing market for Pakistani exporters. In 2009/2010 the export target of Pakistan was US $20 billion.^[7] As of April 2011,Pakistans exports stand at US $25 billion.

List of trading partners

The following is a list of Pakistan's main trading partners as of 2012.

Country	Percentage of imports	Percentage of exports	Percentage of total trade
China	19.7	11.1	16.9
European Union	10.4	18.2	13.0
United Arab Emirates	12.1	8.5	10.9
Saudi Arabia	12.2	8.5	9.0
United States	3.2	13.6	6.7
Kuwait	6.3	0.07	4.4
India	3.7	2.1	3.2
Malaysia	3.9	0.9	2.9
Japan	3.6	1.6	2.9
Iran	3.4	1.8	2.9
Afghanistan	0.3	7.6	2.8
Singapore	4.1	0.3	2.8

References

1. http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/12/13/pakistan-trade-idINL4N0JA23Z20131213
2. Lone, Mahlia S. (30 December 2013). "Pakistan to Benefit From EU Trade Status". WWD. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
3. http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pak-gets-gsp-plus-status-till-2017-for-free-access-to-eu-market-113121300203_1.html
4. [1]^{[dead link]}
5. "Data: Board of Investment " Economic Pakistan". Economicpakistan.wordpress.com. 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
6. "Pakistan to start cement export by August end", Yahoo! News, August 3, 2007
7. http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=66884

 

links for Water resources by JAMAL AHMED

http://www.slideshare.net/1234567ses/water-resourses-of-pakistan-nadeem-ashraf
http://www.slideshare.net/sadamkhan507027/indus-river-system
http://www.slideshare.net/kabithamadhu/the-indus-river-system
http://www.slideshare.net/sadibajwa/resources-of-pakistan-slides
http://www.slideshare.net/mhaidersalman/topography-of-pakistan-by-haider-salman
http://www.slideshare.net/hjhabib/water-dispute-bw-indo-pak

Mineral Resources By JAMAL AHMED

Mining in Pakistan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mining is an important industry in Pakistan. Pakistan has deposits of several minerals including coal, copper, gold, chromite, mineral salt, bauxite and several other minerals. There are also a variety of precious and semi-precious minerals that are also mined. These include peridot, aquamarine, topaz, ruby, emerald, rare-earth minerals bastnaesite and xenotime, sphene, tourmaline, and many varieties and types of quartz.^[1]
The Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation is the responsible authority for the support and development of the mining industry. Gemstones Corporation of Pakistan looks after the interests of stake holders in gem stone mining and polishing as an official entity. Baluchistan is the richest province in terms of mineral resources available in Pakistan. While recently Sindh discovered coal deposits in Thar. Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa is rich in terms of gems. Most of the mineral gems found in Pakistan exists here. Apart from oil, gas and some mineral used in nuclear energy purposes which comes directly under federal control mining of other minerals is provincial issue. Currently around 52 minerals, are mined and processed in Pakistan.^[2]

Contents

• coal
• mineral salts
  
• 3 Copper and gold
• 4 Iron ore
• 5 Gems and other precious stones
• 6 Accidents in mining
• 7 See also
• 8 References
• 9 External links

  Coal

  Coal is found in very large quantities in Thar, Chamalang, Quetta and other sites. Thar reserves are estimated to be 850 Trillion Cubic Feet. There is enough coal in Pakistan's Thar area ( though a part of the coal is not of good quality) that it can be used to generate power for the next 100 years without relying on other power sources i.e. hydro/oil resources. In March 2010, Engro Chemical announced that the group is investing a large amount of money to develop coal fields in Pakistan. The chemical company also announced to establish an energy park in UET Lahore, and start research on In-Situ Coal gasification and high pressure transport gasifiers.^[3]
  

  Mineral salt

  
  

  Rock salt makes for some beautiful texture on the walls and the ceiling
  Salt has been mined in the region since 320 BC. The Khewra Salt Mines are among the world's oldest and biggest salt mines. Salt is mined at Khewra in an underground area of about 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi). Khewra salt mine has an estimated total of 220 million tonnes of rock salt deposits. The current production from the mine is 325,000 tons of salt per annum.
  

  Copper and gold

  In Reko Diq, Baluchistan, deposits of copper and gold are present. Antofagasta, the company which possesses the Reqo Diq field, is targeting an initial production of 170,000 metric tons of copper and 300,000 ounces of gold a year. The project may produce more than 350,000 tons a year of copper and 900,000 ounces of gold.^[4] There are also copper deposits in Daht -e- Kuhn, Nokundi, Located in Chaghi district.
  

  Iron ore

  Iron ore is found in various regions of Pakistan including Nokundi, Chinot and the largest one in Kalabagh (Less than 42% quality), Haripur and other Northern Areas.^[5]
  

  Gems and other precious stones

  See also: Gemstones of Pakistan
  A number of precious stones are mined and polished for local as well as export purposes. The centre point of this operation is Khyber-Pakhtoonkhwa. These include actinolite, hessonite, rodingite, agate, idocrase, rutile, aquamarine, jadeite, ruby, amazonite, kunzite, serpentine, azurite, kyanite, spessartine (garnet), beryl, marganite, spinel, emerald, moonstone, topaz, epidote, pargasite, tourmaline, garnet (alamandine), peridot, turquoise, grossular, quartz (citrine & others) and vesuvianite. The export earned from these gems is more than 200 Million dollars.^[6]
  

  Accidents in mining

  Mining in Pakistan is a dangerous job, especially coal mining, as safety procedures are often neglected and accidents are quite common.^[7][8]
  
• On 21 March 2011 at least 45 miners died due to an explosion in a coal mine in Surran range, some 35 km (22 mi) east of the provincial capital, Quetta.^[9]
• On 14 of February 2011, 2 Chinese engineers died in a chromite mine collapse in Qila Saifullah, Pakistan ^[10]
• On 27 May 2004, 15 miners died after a gas explosion at a coal mine in Baluchistan.^[11]

See also

• Economy of Pakistan
• List of minerals found in Pakistan
• Pakistan Coal Mines and Resources

References

1. http://www.palagems.com/pakistanoverview.htm
2. http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/as/pk/p0005.htm
3. http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Business/27-Mar-2010/Engro-Chem-to-invest-on-Thar-coal-development
4. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=21072065&refer=conews&tkr=ABX:US&sid=a5Tg_KsLeCxM
5. http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/iron/as/pk/p0005.htm
6. http://www.gsp.gov.pk/resources/gems.html
7. "Death In The Mines"
8. Pakistani Manifestation Condemns Deadly Mine Accident, Inaction in Retrieving the Dead
9. "52 Miners Trapped After a Coal Mine Accident in Pakistan
10. 2 Chinese engineers die in Pakistan mine collapse
11. "Fifteen die in Pakistan coal mine blast"

Notes for Geography by S.H.A

           Location Of Pakistan  

• Located at the most crucial point in the south Asian.
• It lies in the western part of the South Asia.
• Pakistan has sea routes to both the middle and Far East.
• The hot water port at Karachi makes it a very important region.

Latitudes:

• Pakistan is located just north of the Tropic Of Cancer in the north hemisphere
• It extends from 23 1/2 degree North to 78 degree North.
• the extension of the country gives it a variety of  the climatic conditions that prevail in the country.

Longitudes:

• Pakistan Stretches from the 61 deg E to 78 deg East.
• The longitudinal extension of the country is not much;therefore it allows Pakistan to have a standard time.
• Pakistan is five hours ahead of the GMT .

Neighbors of Pakistan:

• Pakistan has its arch rival to the East.Pakistan shares a large border with India in the East all the way from the Sialkot sector to the Run of Kutch.
• Pakistan has two important countries in the WEST.Afghanistan and Iran .
• Pakistan has china in the North and central Asian states in the north west.
• Pakistan has the Arabian Sea in the south,which makes it an enormously important country on the world scene.

Hazrat Usman(biography)

Biography of Hazrat Usman Ghani (RA)

                                   Hazrat Usman Ghani (RA)

Life Before acceptance of Islam:

Hadrat Uthman (R.A.) belonged to a noble family of Quraish in Mecca. His ancestral pedigree joins with that of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu 'Alaihi wa Sallam) in the fifth generation. He was from the "Umayyah" family of Quraish, which was a well reputed and honourable family of Mecca during the pre-Islamic days. In the famous battle of "Fajar" the Commander-in-Chief of the Quraish army, Harb bin Umayyah was from the same family. The descendants of this family are known as "Banu Umayyah" or "Umawwin".

Hadrat Uthman (R.A.) was born in 573 A.C. His patronymic name was "Abu Amr" and father's name was "Affan bin Abul-As". He was known by the name "Uthman ibn ‘Affan". Hadrat Uthman was one of the few persons of Mecca who knew reading and writing. When he grew up, he started business in cloth which made him very rich. He used his money in good ways and always helped the poor. Uthman (R.A.) was a soft natured and kind hearted man. He did not hesitate to spend any amount of money on seeing a man in trouble in order to remove his misery. For his noble qualities the Meccans had great respect for him.

Acceptance of Islam:

Hadrat Uthman (R.A.) accepted Islam when Abu Bakr (R.A.) preached to him. He was one of those Muslims who accepted Islam in its very early days. Though "Banu Hashim" (the Holy Prophet's family) was rival to "Banu Umayyah" (Hadrat Uthman's family), and the latter was in power at that time, yet Uthman (R.A.) did not hesitate to acknowledge the prophethood of Hadrat Muhammad (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam) which meant authority and supremacy over "Banu Hashim". This was one of the reasons why Quraish leaders, belonging to Banu Umayyah (like Abu Sufyan) were opposing the Holy Prophet(Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam). Thus acceptance of Islam in such a position shows the clear-mindedness of Hadrat Uthman (R.A.). When he accepted Islam, the Quraish who once loved Uthman became his enemies. Even his relatives like Hakam (one of his uncles) began to rebuke him and chastised him severely.

One of the daughters of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam), Hadrat Ruqayyah (R.A.) was married to one of the sons of Abu Lahb (an arch-enemy of Islam). When the Holy Prophet(Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam) started to preach Islam, Abu Lahb asked his son ‘Utbah to divorce her. Then the Holy Prophet married her to Hadrat Uthman (R.A.)

Emigration to Abyssinia:

When life in Mecca became hard for the Muslims, he went to the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu'alaihi wa Sallam) and sought permission to take refuge in Abyssinia along with other Muslims. The permission was granted. Hadrat Uthman and his wife crossed the Red Sea with other Muslims and migrated to Abyssinia. At the time of his migration the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu'alaihi wa Sallam) remarked: "Uthman is the first man of my Ummah to migrate (for sake of Allah) with his family." He stayed there for a couple of months and came back to Mecca when he was wrongly informed by somebody that the Quraish had accepted Islam.

ASSASSINATION:In the turmoil, Sayyiduna 'Uthman (radi Allahu anhu) himself was made Shaheed by rebels while he was reading the Holy Quran inside his house. This happened on Friday, the 17th of Zil Hajj in 35 A.H.. He was 84 years old.

Hadrat Uthman (R.A.) elected as the third Khalifah (Caliph):

Before his death, Hadrat ‘Umar (R.A.) appointed a panel of six men to select a "Khalifah" from amongst themselves and then sought his approval through Bai'at (Pledge of loyalty) by Muslim Public. He also instructed them to make the nomination within three days. The panel included Uthman,'Ali, Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas, Talha, Zubair and 'Abdur Rahman bin 'Auf (Ridwanullah-i-'Alaihim) as the members.

The panel could not arrive at any decision even after long meetings. Then, Hadrat 'Abdur Rahman bin 'Auf proposed somebody to withdraw his name in order to decide the matter. When he got no response, he withdrew his own name. The remaining members agreed that he could take a decision. He consulted each member individually except Hadrat Talha (R.A.) who was not present at Medina. It so happened that Hadrat Uthman proposed 'Ali's name and Hadrat 'Ali proposed Uthman's name for the post of Khalifah. But Zubair and Sa'd (R.A.) were more in favour of Hadrat Uthman than Hadrat ‘Ali. After more consultations with other companions and thinking over the problem during the third night, Hadrat ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Auf(R.A.) gave his decision in the morning of the fourth day in favour of Hadrat Uthman (R.A.).

First of all Hadrat ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Auf(R.A.) took Bai'at at the hands of Hadrat Uthman and then all the Muslims present in the Mosque followed suit and took Bai'at (pledge of loyalty) at the hands of Hadrat Uthman(R.A.). In this way, Hadrat Uthman (R.A.) was declared to be the third Khalifah. When Hadrat Talha (R.A.) returned to Medina, Uthman (R.A.) requested him either to accept the post of "Khalifah" (as he was among the persons proposed by Hadrat ‘Umar for the post) or to acknowledge him as Khalifah by taking Bai'at. Hadrat Talha declined to be the Khalifah and took pledge of loyalty at his hand, saying "How can I object to your being the Khalifah when all the Muslims have agreed upon you."

Tour of the Mission:

The mission sent by Hadrat Uthman toured various places and talked with the people. Three of them returned to Medina and reported to Hadrat Uthman that the conditions were normal. The fourth member of the mission Hadrat 'Ammar bin Yasir (R.A.) did not return. He was sent to Egypt where 'Abdullah bin Saba and his followers coaxed him and he started to live with them instead of returning to Medina.

Official manuscript of the Holy Qur'an:

One of the magnificent services to Islam done by Hadrat Uthman (R.A.) was to safeguard any possible change in the codex of the Holy Qur'an. After the conquests by the Muslims hundreds of thousands of non-Arabs, whose mother tongue was not Arabic, accepted Islam because of its teachings. Hadrat Hudhaifah (R.A.), one of the prominent Companions of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam), went for "Jihad" (Holy War) during that time and noticed many differences in the manner of recitation (Qira't) of the Holy Qur'an. The Syrians recited in a way different from that of Kufis while the Kufis differed from Basris and so on. As a matter of fact these differences were due to the differences in the way of writing Arabic. Seeing this condition Hadrat Hudhaifah reported the matter to the Khalifah on his return from the "Jihad" and suggested that the Medinese codex should be regarded as authentic, i.e. the Holy Qur'an, which was written and compiled in Book form during the time of Hadrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) and was kept with Ummul-mumminin Hadrat Hafsah (R.A.). Hadrat Uthman (R.A.) took that Book from Hadrat Hafsah(R.A.) and canonised the Medinese codex. He asked Hadrat Zaid bin Thabit (R.A.), the person who wrote it during the time of Hadrat Abu Bakr, to make copies of the same with the help of some other Companions like Abdullah bin Zubair and Sa'd bin 'As etc. Then he ordered all other copies, beside the Medinese codex, to be burnt and destroyed throughout the State. Those people who earned their living in the provinces as the receptacles and expositors of the sacred text were not pleased with this act. It has been discussed before that such persons criticised Uthman for burning unauthentic texts. However for this great service Hadrat Uthman (R.A.) is famous as the "Jami'ul-Qur'an" (The compiler of the Qur'an).

Wives and Children:

Hadrat Uthman was first married to the Holy Prophet's daughter, Hadrat Ruqayyah (R.A.) who died in Medina while the Holy Prophet was away on the expedition of Badr. Then he was married to the younger daughter of the Holy Prophet whose name was Hadrat Umm-i-Kulthum. She also died in the year 9 A.H. His first wife, Hadrat Ruqayyah bore him a son, Abdullah, who died at an early age. He had no child from Umm-i-Kulthum (R.A.).

After the death of his second wife Hadrat Umm-i-Kulthum, he married, the following ladies from time to time: Fakhtah bint Walid; Umm-i-'Amr bint Jundah; Fatimah bint Shaibah; Umm-i-Banin bint'Uwainah; Ramlah bint Shaibah; 'Aishah; Umm-i-Aban; and Nailah bint Farafsah, his last wife whose fingers were chopped by the insurgents.

Eleven sons were born to him from different wives. Some of them died at an early age. One of his sons, Aban became famous and held high positions during the Umayyads. He had six or seven daughters.

1st Assesment topics

(P.St)

HISTORY;

-Early Problems 1947/Post Independance
-problems 1947
-Malik Ghulam Mauhammad
-Cripps mission1942
-Gandhi Jinnah Talks 1944
-Wavel Plan and Simla Conference 1945



Geography;

-agriculture(wheat,cotton,rice,sugarcane)
-Development Of Water Resources

       

                                                    (history) 

 Malik Ghulam Mauhammad (1951-1955)

• Formerly he was the finance minister in the cabinet of  Liaqat Ali Khan

•  Liaqat Ali Khan assassination on 16th  Oct 1951(pure pakistani legend)

• Became the 3rd Governer General in 1951 after Liaqat Ali Khan died.

• 1950,a planning commission was setup to upgrade the agriculture,industry,fuel/power,mining,transportation and communication and social problems.

• 1952,a six year plan was introduced.

• 1953,a planning board was formed to review the progress along with the draft of the Five Year Plan from 1965 on wards

• 1952,dismisal of Khuaja Nazimuddin by Ghulam Mohammad.

• 1952,M.Ali Bogra was bengali ,selected as (3rd PM) 

• In 1954-Pakistan became themember of SEATO(South East Asian Treaty Organisation)countries,USA,UK,CANDA,FRANCE,AUSTRALIA,NEWZEALAND,THAILAND,PHILIPINES.

In 1955-Pakistan became the member of CENTO also known as baghdad pact i.e;CENtral Treaty Organaisation

countries,IRAQ,TURKEY,then IRAN,PAKISTAN and UK.